An Economic Approach to Homer's Odyssey by Tyler Cowen

A three part series by Tyler Cowen.

Part 1: Modeling Homer’s World. 

Part 2: The Polities of The Odyssey.

Part 3: Polities and Economics.

‘The Narrative Brain’ Review: The Sense in a Story

Narratives bring order to the world and entice us with emotional rewards. They also help people bond and recover after times of crisis. 

By Matthew Hutson. Mr. Hutson is the author of The 7 Laws of Magical Thinking: How Irrational Beliefs Keep Us Happy, Healthy, and Sane.

He reviewed the book The Narrative Brain: The Stories Our Neurons Tell by Fritz Alwin Breithaupt.

Excerpts:

"If humans were fish, our water would be narratives. We never experience reality unmediated. Light and sound filter through our senses and we impose meaning and order, building our familiar perceptual world of trees, people and buildings. At a higher level, we string events together into stories, ranging from brief encounters to autobiographical arcs to historical epochs and beyond. We use narratives to understand the causal influences in our lives; these unseen forces, manufactured by our minds, become what we know of reality."

"The first question is what defines a narrative. An important aspect is the segmentation of time. Every story has a beginning and end. Exactly how the human brain segments time is murky, and different people do it differently."

"in a narrative, a protagonist typically turns from active to passive or vice versa, as when a worker in a dead-end job decides to rebel. Mr. Breithaupt ignores Kurt Vonnegut’s delineation of other story shapes, like “man in hole,” where a character’s prospects turn from good to bad to good. Elsewhere, the author defines narratives as “strings of events,” and events as things that “bring about important, lasting, and irreversible changes that were not clearly recognizable in advance.”" 

"narratives . . . bring order to the world and entice us with emotional rewards—amusement, astonishment, satisfaction, triumph. These are proximal benefits. One can also give ultimate or evolutionary accounts. “Narrative thinking offers numerous survival benefits,” Mr. Breithaupt writes, “expressed in better remembering, planning, reacting, and orienting, and potentially in overcoming depression and trauma.”"

"Narratives help people bond, coordinate and communicate. During and after times of crisis, we use narratives to repackage our experience of events, enabling us to recover and prepare for future hardship."

"the retold stories (in an experimental game of “telephone”) were often simplified, shrinking with each iteration. Sometimes details or major plot points changed. But what remained true were the core emotions"

"Mr. Breithaupt argues that “the mobility of consciousness”—the ability to take another’s perspective—would not have emerged without the rituals of performance."

Kirzner’s Entrepreneur and the Hero’s Journey

By Amir Iraji. This appeared at the blog The Daily Economy which is run by The American Institute for Economic Research. Excerpt:

"Some economists have likened entrepreneurs to heroes, praising their role in disrupting industries and driving progress. Joseph Schumpeter, for instance, famously described them as agents of “creative destruction.” This description evokes the image of warriors boldly slaying the dragon of entrenched systems — tearing down outdated structures to pave the way for revolutionary innovation.

Yet Israel Kirzner, a leading economist in the Austrian tradition and a student of Ludwig von Mises, rejected this dramatic portrayal. Instead, he argued that entrepreneurship is about simply noticing opportunities that others overlook. At first glance, this view might seem to downplay the heroism of entrepreneurs. But does it really?

Exploring Kirzner’s ideas through the lens of the Hero’s Journey — a narrative framework developed by Carl Jung and later expanded by Joseph Campbell — reveals that even Kirzner’s entrepreneur is a hero, though in a subtler and less dramatic way. 

In this framework, true heroism emerges in uncovering the potential of the unknown and bringing it into the light of consciousness."

"Every breakthrough, whether major or minor, every improvement in living standards, whether transformational or incremental, and every leap forward in human history has been an elixir brought back by entrepreneurs. Their heroic quests remind us that the unknown holds boundless potential waiting to be realized."

Related posts:

Who Says Entrepreneurs Are Heroes?

Does It Matter If We Call Entrepreneurs Heroes?

How Storytelling Enhances Team Decision-Making And Collaboration

By Paola Cecchi-Dimeglio. She is CEO and Co-Founder, People Culture Drive Consulting Group; Chair, Executive Leadership Research Initiative for Women and Minority Attorneys (ELRIWMA); Senior Research Fellow, HLS Center on the Legal Profession.

Excerpts:

"research shows that storytelling isn’t just a powerful communication tool—it’s a critical leadership asset. It fosters collaboration, sparks creativity, and cultivates empathy. Understanding and using storytelling effectively is essential for leaders navigating complex team dynamics and decision-making to drive engagement and achieve impactful results."

"Paul Zak, a leading neuroscientist, underscores this idea. His research highlights how storytelling activates the brain’s release of oxytocin—the “trust molecule”—which enhances connection and empathy."

"Storytelling taps into the way humans are wired to connect and understand one another. Zak’s findings reveal that compelling narratives create trust, making individuals more willing to collaborate."

"a leader might recount how a team faced a challenging project deadline, detailing how each member’s contribution led to success. This kind of narrative builds trust and reinforces a shared sense of purpose"

"Empathy is the foundation of successful teamwork, and storytelling helps teams see the world through someone else’s perspective. Leaders who share customer experiences or stories of internal challenges make abstract concepts tangible and relatable."

a "narrative creates an emotional connection between team members and their work, helping them understand the bigger picture. As a result, storytelling enhances problem-solving by encouraging inclusivity and collaboration"

"Data is vital to decision-making, but numbers alone can feel impersonal or overwhelming. Storytelling bridges this gap by framing data within a relatable narrative, making it more memorable and actionable."

"Combining data with storytelling drives impactful decisions that resonate with the team."

"Storytelling is more than an engaging way to share information—it’s a critical leadership tool. It. . . builds trust, strengthens team dynamics, and enhances decision-making by connecting logic with emotion. Leaders who embrace storytelling can create an environment where collaboration thrives, ideas flourish, and goals are enthusiastically met."

Also see Storytelling That Drives Bold Change: How to craft a narrative that matters by Frances X. Frei and Anne Morriss in Harvard Business Review.

More risk-averse and less entrepreneurial people grew up listening to stories wherein competitions and challenges are more likely to be harmful than beneficial

See Folklore by Stelios Michalopoulos & Melanie Meng Xue. From The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 136, Issue 4, November 2021. Excerpts:

"Abstract

Folklore is the collection of traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community passed through the generations by word of mouth. We introduce to economics a unique catalog of oral traditions spanning approximately 1,000 societies. After validating the catalog’s content by showing that the groups’ motifs reflect known geographic and social attributes, we present two sets of applications. First, we illustrate how to fill in the gaps and expand upon a group’s ethnographic record, focusing on political complexity, high gods, and trade. Second, we discuss how machine learning and human classification methods can help shed light on cultural traits, using gender roles, attitudes toward risk, and trust as examples. Societies with tales portraying men as dominant and women as submissive tend to relegate their women to subordinate positions in their communities, both historically and today. More risk-averse and less entrepreneurial people grew up listening to stories wherein competitions and challenges are more likely to be harmful than beneficial. Communities with low tolerance toward antisocial behavior, captured by the prevalence of tricksters being punished, are more trusting and prosperous today. These patterns hold across groups, countries, and second-generation immigrants. Overall, the results highlight the significance of folklore in cultural economics, calling for additional applications."

"Two broad observations motivate our study. First, narratives are central building blocks of our societies. We think in stories and explain the world by telling stories. Harari (2015), for example, identifies in the myths present in people’s collective imagination the roots of their successes and failures. Despite their central role in connecting actions to values and needs, economists have only recently turned to the study of narratives (e.g., Akerlof and Snower 2016; Shiller 2017).¹

Second, during the past two decades, a burgeoning body of work exploring the cultural, historical, and institutional roots of comparative development highlights the significance of ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups (Michalopoulos and Papaioannou 2017; Nunn 2020). Much of this research, however, relies on valuable but incomplete ethnographic sources including the widely used Ethnographic Atlas (EA). Furthermore, the absence of proxies of historical norms renders inquiries into how attitudes change and why they persist intractable.² Other weaknesses of the EA, the celebrated compilation of George Peter Murdock (1967), concern the uneven coverage of groups and attributes and measurement error."

"In this study, we leverage a group’s oral tradition to shed light on its cultural heritage and past social and economic structures. According to the Oxford Dictionary, folklore consists of the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth. This corpus is the subject of the discipline of folklore. We do three things to reveal the potential of integrating traditional narratives in the toolset of economists and political scientists interested in the origins of comparative development, gender norms, morality, psychology, and culture.

First, we introduce to economics a catalog of folklore that codes the distribution of thousands of motifs across 958 world societies. This database is the lifetime work of eminent anthropologist and folklorist Yuri Berezkin. A motif, according to the author, is an episode or an image found in the set of narratives recorded in an ethnolinguistic community. We validate the catalog’s content by establishing that images and episodes in a group’s oral tradition reflect salient features of its physical environment. For example, groups closer to earthquake-prone regions have a higher incidence of earthquake-related motifs, groups on fertile land have more crop-related images, and groups living close to rivers (or in colder climates) have more episodes reflecting their respective landscapes. Then we link the groups in Berezkin’s collection to the EA and show that the folklore-based measures of political complexity, family structure, and subsistence mode robustly correspond to EA’s analogous traits.

Second, we illustrate how to use a group’s oral tradition to fill in gaps in the ethnographic record, focusing on the degree of political complexity and the presence of high gods. In addition, we show how one can use folklore to quantify the extent of the preindustrial market economy, a key economic aspect that the EA does not cover.

Third, we present a method to uncover a group’s cultural heritage that involves reading and classifying motifs by multiple individuals.³ We focus on trust, risk-taking, and gender norms to illustrate our approach. To capture trust, we look at how tricksters (a common archetype in oral traditions) are depicted in the motifs, distinguishing between cases where their deceiving behavior is successful or punished. Regarding risk-taking, we look at how challenges and competitions are portrayed, differentiating between tragedies and victories. To measure gender norms, we classify the various stereotypical roles males and females play in the motifs.

These folklore-based measures of historical attitudes are robust predictors of contemporary values and economic choices. Folks who grew up listening to stories where tricksters often fail to deceive their victims are more trusting and prosperous today. Groups with oral traditions rich with heroes who successfully tackle challenging situations tend to display more appetite for risk and appear more entrepreneurial. Societies whose folklore portrays women as less dominant, more submissive, and more likely to engage in domestic affairs than men tend to relegate their women to inferior roles in their communities, both historically and today. These patterns hold across countries, second-generation immigrants, and ethnic groups, suggesting that folklore may be one of the vehicles by which norms are intergenerationally transmitted."

The symbolic work of prices

By Akash Miharia, Jan Osborn & Bart J. Wilson. In The Review of Austrian Economics.

Abstract:

"We posit that prices are signs, not just signals, that work in the same symbolic way as words. Both are complex, generative systems of shared meaning that rely on a web of intricate symbolic references. Just like the meaning of a word is a product of our social and linguistic action, the meaning of a price is a product of our relationship to the physical world phenomena of people in markets. The fundamental conception of both is to communicate and construct worlds with ourselves and others, enabling us to act in the world. Prices, like words, do symbolic work."

Personal narratives build trust across ideological divides

By David Hagmann, Julia A. Minson & Catherine H. Tinsley.

"Abstract

Lack of trust is a key barrier to collaboration in organizations and is exacerbated in contexts when employees subscribe to different ideological beliefs. Across five preregistered experiments, we find that people judge ideological opponents as more trustworthy when opposing opinions are expressed through a self-revealing personal narrative than through either data or stories about third parties—even when the content of the messages is carefully controlled to be consistent. Trust does not suffer when explanations grounded in self-revealing personal narratives are augmented with data, suggesting that our results are not driven by quantitative aversion. Perceptions of trustworthiness are mediated by the speaker’s apparent vulnerability and are greater when the self-revelation is of a more sensitive nature. Consequently, people are more willing to collaborate with ideological opponents who support their views by embedding data in a self-revealing personal narrative, rather than relying on data-only explanations. We discuss the implications of these results for future research on trust as well as for organizational practice."

Maybe personal narratives are emotional and emotions are costly to fake. So the message is more believable. This reminds me of one of my papers, The Intersection of Economic Signals and Mythic Symbols.

"Abstract 

Mythic symbols and economic signals represent more than what they are. Symbols represent universal ideas and themes and evoke feelings and emotions while economic signals are simple, efficient signs that stand for a more complex set of costly to learn characteristics and information. Symbols deal with the irrational and economic signals deal with the rational. Many of the signals cited in the economic literature work well because they have a symbolic element that speaks to people's emotions. By evoking emotions, a signal makes the receiver feel more confident about the truthfulness of the information it represents. The intersection of symbols and signals illustrates the relationship between the rational world of facts and irrational world of emotions and values, a relationship which needs to be explored as part of the development of the ideal type of homosocioeconomicus, the selfish yet value and community driven person."